INDEX

Index

“Passim” (literally “scattered”) indicates intermittent discussion of a topic over a cluster of pages.

Abraham (patriarch), 61, 133, 163–68 passim, 173, 222, 379

Abrahamic religions, 61, 67, 70–71, 72, 162–73 passim, 340, scripture, 222. See also Christianity; God (Abrahamic tradition); Islam; Judaism

Abyssinia, 55, 173

Adorno, Theodor, 199, 318

advertising, 108, 217

aesthetics. See beauty (esthetics)

Afghanistan, 175, 233, 382n17

agrarian-village society. See villages

agriculture, 97, 99–100, 151, 160, 204; cities and, 110, 113, 150

Ahl al-Bayt, 175

Akkadian Empire, 54, 170

Albania, 287

Alevis, 175, 201, 344, 350

Allah, 69, 165, 174, 192

Amin, Samir, 36

Amsterdam, 77–80 passim, 195, 225–30 passim, 349

An (Sumerian god). See En (Sumerian god)

analytical thought, 39–41 passim, 91

anarchists and anarchism, 286, 291–94, 353, 364, 365

Anatolia, 55–57 passim, 223–27 passim, 234–37 passim, 286; Alevis, 175; Christianity, 66–67, 235; Hittites, 378n5; Jews, 234–36 passim

“anti-system forces,” 283–85

Apiru people, 158, 173

Arabic language, 64

Arabs, 71, 173, 327; proto-Arabs, 158, 161

Aramaic language, 64

Arianists, 169

aristocracy, 118, 279, 280

Aristotle, 21, 111, 115, 192, 334, 336

Aryans, 158, 161, 165, 170, 171

asabiyyah, 177, 178, 183, 382n18

aşirets. See tribes and aşirets

Assyrians, 54, 63–71 passim, 76, 160–62 passim, 169, 173, 226; trade 55–56, 160, 197, 378n6

Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 236

Athens, ancient, 59, 60, 171, 348

automobiles, 206, 301

autonomous movements, 309–11

Babylonia and Babylonians, 54–57 passim, 61–64 passim, 111, 116, 161–65 passim, 170, 225, 348

Bacon, Francis, 18, 193, 324

“barbarism,” 14, 125–26, 184, 301

base and superstructure (theory), 186, 188, 336, 345

basic needs, xvi, 96–98 passim, 250–52 passim, 276, 299; morality and, 336; politics and, 88, 90

beauty (esthetics), 243

Bible, 62–64 passim

biological equilibrium, 277

Blinken, Anthony, 376n5

Bolshevik Revolution. See Russian Revolution

bourgeoisie, 89–90, 101, 118–23 passim, 144, 245, 251, 257, 284; cancerous growth of, 277; empowerment, 272–73; Wallerstein on, 199

Braudel, Fernand, 10–12 passim, 36, 78, 195, 209, 250, 268; on imperialism and colonialism, 379n15; Wallerstein on, 386n41

bureaucracy, 117–22 passim

Bush, George W., 216, 384n13

Byzantine Empire, 66, 68, 70, 169, 172, 173

“cancerous growth,” 38, 115–19 passim, 205, 206, 252, 275–78 passim

Capital (Marx), 79, 230, 364, 366, 378n4 (“Power of Social Reason”), 388n6

Carthage, 349, 379n8

castles and ramparts, 49, 59, 82, 112, 115, 126, 158–59, 162; construction by slaves, 52; human skulls in, 56, 76, 93

Catholic Church, 66, 114, 227, 234, 307, 308, 344

centralism and centralization, 257, 309, 310, 318

chaos. See crisis and chaos

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 77, 379n14

Childe, V. Gordon: What Happened in History?, 10, 58, 319

children’s education. See education

China, 209, 233, 234, 287, 288

China, ancient, 57

Christ. See Jesus Christ

Christianity, 63–67 passim, 71–78 passim, 101, 114, 172–77 passim; ancient Rome, 60, 162; formation of denominations, 169; influence on Mohammad, 173; Jews and, 223–35 passim; resistance denominations, 350

Cicero, 171

cities, 49, 77–80 passim, 110–17, 147–51 passim, 157–60 passim, 252–54 passim, 274–75; agriculture and, 110, 113, 150; ancient Middle East, 160; autonomy, 349; eco-communities, 254; extreme growth, 99, 115–16, 205, 252, 275, 302; Jews, 226, 231; Mecca, 172–73; villages and, 184–85, 252. See also Uruk (city)

city-states, 157–59, 349; Sumer, 74. See also Athens, ancient

clans, 154–56, 179, 188–89

class, 8–9, 110, 117–22, 145, 247–52 passim, 279, 291; Christian denominations and, 169; city-states and, 159; in Communist Manifesto, 386n38; Hebrews, 168; Islamic awakening and, 226; socialists and, 287; in state capitalism, 290; urbanization and, 113, 114. See also aristocracy; bourgeoisie; working class

class struggle, 84, 85, 169, 207, 247–49 passim, 290–91

Clinton, Bill, 376n5

Cold War, 233

Collingwood, R.G., 228, 229, 384–85n27

colonization and colonialism, 128–29, 147, 213, 289; cities, 115; education, 123–24; women, 217, 282, 290, 295

Comintern. See Third International

Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), 235, 236, 385n32

commodities and commodification, 200, 217; art, 239; trade, 271; women, 42, 108, 281

Communist International. See Third International

Communist League, 285–86, 317

Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels), 285, 317, 385–86n38

Comte, Auguste, 136, 216, 381n2

confederalism, democratic. See democratic confederalism

consciousness, 361–62

conspiracy theories about Jews, 232

consumer society and consumerism, 217

crises and chaos, 45, 53–57 passim, 239–40, 246, 269–85 passim, 289, 302, 331–34 passim, 358–59; fascism and, 85; human survival and, 37; intellectuals and, 319–22; monopolistic prices and, 100; scientific crisis, 328; state crisis, 259; theories, 44

cultural movements, 290–91, 303–11, 367

CUP. See Committee of Union and Progress (CUP)

democracy, ancient, 58, 337

democracy, direct, 172, 174, 259–60, 337

democratic confederalism, 114, 219–21, 256–61, 310, 350, 357

democratic nationhood, 304–10 passim

depressions (economy), 270, 271, 276, 282, 283

Descartes, René, 18, 324

dialectics, 24–25, 366, 370, 371

direct democracy. See democracy, direct

diversity, 33, 154, 203, 244, 249

dogma and dogmatism, 132, 144–46, 177, 178, 289

D’Souza, Radha, xvi

dualism and duality, 16, 105, 328, 341

Durkheim, Émile, 136, 381n2

eco-communities, 254

ecology, 39, 95, 98–105 passim, 148, 205, 300–302; cities and, 112–13, 115, 275; crisis, 277, 278; eco-industrial society, 249–56; human population and, 298; intellectuals and, 321; law and, 246

economic reductionism. See reductionism: economic

economism, 9, 291

education, 122–25, 188, 333–34. See also universities

Egypt, ancient, 51–57 passim, 61, 93, 110, 158–65 passim, 170, 171, 378– 79n7; Abrahamic tradition and, 163; Babylonia and, 164; cities, 111; Moses, 168

El (god), 192

emotional intelligence, 39, 40

En (god), 192

end of the world, 103–4

Engels, Frederick, 7, 46, 68, 285–86, 364; Communist Manifesto, 285, 317, 385–86n38

England, 77–80 passim, 101, 175, 195, 210–11, 227–35 passim, 285. See also London

Enki (god), 58, 164

Enlightenment, 6, 24, 77, 81, 136, 318, 323

environment. See ecology

Epic of Gilgamesh. See Gilgamesh

equality: freedom and, 33, 244–45, 249, 346, 347, 357

equilibrium, biological. See biological equilibrium

eschatology, 115, 289, 381n21

esthetics. See beauty (esthetics)

ethics and morality. See morality and ethics

ethnic micro-nationalism, 304–7

Eurocentric civilization, 72–85 passim

Eurocentric social sciences, 7, 45–46, 50, 72, 192–98 passim, 267, 293, 364; point-by-point criticism of, 138–39; postmodernism rejection of, 331

European Court of Civil Rights (ECtHR), 1, 2, 375n1 (Pref.)

European Union (EU), 2, 3, 306–7, 309

family, 107, 179–81

farming. See agriculture

fascism, 85, 94, 118, 137, 218, 264, 281; of individual citizens, 274; nation-state as, 247, 276

fashion, 203

feminism, 41, 294–300

First International, 286, 317

first nature, 20–22, 44, 45, 79, 115, 128, 138, 288; capital and male monopoly and, 109; catastrophes, 148; holy text and, 166; sciences, 321, 330

flexible intelligence, 336

fortresses and ramparts. See castles and ramparts

Foucault, Michel, 10, 129, 194, 199, 248, 268

Fourier, Charles, 136, 381n2

Fourth Lateran Council, 384n16

France, 232, 233, 285; Paris Commune, 286. See also French Revolution

Frank, Andre Gunder, 196, 199, 268; World System, 10, 11, 47, 376n1

Frankfurt School, 137

freedom, xv, 27–34 passim, 244–45, 249, 278–79, 346–48 passim, 357; women, 295, 296, 297

freemasons and freemasonry, 225, 232, 233, 235, 307–8, 384n18

French Revolution, 279, 307, 358, 359, 363, 364

Galilei, Galileo, 18, 320

gender relations, 102–5, 180, 281–82

genocide, 213, 258, 271–72, 282; Jewish, 228, 233

Germany, 229, 233, 285, 384–85n27; Middle Ages, 114, 380n27; Social Democratic Party, 286, 287

Giddens, Anthony, 80, 193, 195, 202, 209

Gilgamesh, 52, 55, 58, 125, 160

Gills, Barry K.: World System, 10, 11, 47, 376n1

global confederations, proposed. See World Confederation of Culture and Academies (proposed); World Confederation of Sacredness and Moral Studies (proposed); World Confederation of Democratic Nations (proposed)

God (Abrahamic tradition), 27, 61, 62, 165, 170, 216, 212. See also Allah

god (concept), 340

goddesses, 53, 58, 125, 157, 164, 217

god-kings, 165, 166, 211, 323

gods, 166, 171, 192; Roman, 164, 171, 192; Sumerian, 58, 159, 163, 164, 192. See also God (Abrahamic tradition); goddesses

“good intentions” proverb. See “road to hell is paved with good intentions”

Gramsci, Antonio, 94

Greece, ancient, 45, 56–60 passim, 170, 171, 350; Ionian civilization, 58, 60, 319, 342. See also Athens, ancient

Gutians, 158, 170

Haeckel, Ernst, 377n1 (“Some Problems”)

Hanseatic League, 380n27

Harappa, 51, 54, 56, 110

health, 124–25

Hebrews, 64, 71, 168, 221, 222, 228, 350; origins, 158, 168

Hegel, G.W.F., 24, 32, 136–37, 216, 279, 378n3 (“Question of Freedom”)

Herodotus, 170, 295, 387n8

Hesiod, 159

historiography, 134–35, 147

Hitler, Adolf, 247, 318

Hittites, 55–57 passim, 159, 161, 170, 236, 378n5, 378–79n7

Homer, 58; Iliad, 159

hopelessness and pessimism. See pessimism and hopelessness

houses of worship, 343–44. See also temple (institution)

human intelligence. See intelligence

human needs. See basic needs

human population, 109, 298; cities, 111, 115

human reproduction, 296–97

hunting and gathering, 125, 155, 179

Hurrians, 54–55, 62, 159

Inanna (goddess), 58, 125, 164

India: nationhood, 305

Indigenous peoples, xiv, 72

individual freedom, 33–34

individualism, 2, 8, 34, 136, 245–53 passim, 274

industrialism, 98–102, 113, 204–8, 287, 301; eco-industrial society, 249–56

intellectual tasks, 317–34 passim

intelligence, 35–40 passim. See also flexible intelligence

International Workingmen’s Association. See First International

Iran, 218, 225, 226

Islam, 67–71 passim, 75, 101, 172–76, 218, 235, 236, 316; Judaism and, 226, 308; laicism and, 308; nationalism and, 280; resistance denominations, 350. See also mosques

Islamic civilization, 36, 201

Islamists, 69, 236

Israel, 233, 235–36, 237

Jesus Christ, 63, 65, 165, 168–69, 224, 229

Jews, 28–30 passim, 62, 133–34, 173, 174, 221–38, 385n27; nationalism, 280

jineolojî, 294–95

Judah. See Kingdom of Judah

Judaism, 67, 71, 173, 177, 222–37 passim; Islam and, 226, 308; resistance denominations, 350

Judas Iscariot, 168–69, 229

Kant, Immanuel, 31

Kassites, 158, 170

Kingdom of Judah, 168–69, 237

Kıvılcımlı, Hikmet, 94, 380n19

Kurds, ix, xii, xvi, 201, 235; Atatürk and, 236; nationalism, 67, 228; Öcalan as representative, 3

labor, unpaid. See unpaid labor

laicism, 225, 236, 307, 344

language and languages, 64, 155; symbolic, 38, 39, 40, 156, 157

Lateran Councils. See Fourth Lateran Council; Third Lateran Council

Latin language, 64

law, 245–46, 337–40, 344

Lenin, Vladimir, 187, 208–9, 286

London, 77–80 passim, 114, 195, 227–33 passim; Marx, 28, 233

looting. See plunder

Luxemburg, Rosa, 95, 148, 149, 215, 382n7

male dominance, 71, 105–9 passim, 386n1

Mallet du Pan, Jacques, 378n1 (“Emergence of a Social Problem”)

Manichaean movement, 66

manufacturing. See industrialism

Marx, Karl, xvi, 7, 29, 68, 94–95, 135, 148, 238, 285–86; Capital, 79, 230, 364, 366, 378n4 (“Power of Social Reason”), 388n6; Communist Manifesto, 285, 317, 385–86n38; dialectics, 24; hegemony of capital, 197; London, 233; on money, 42; scientific socialism, 46

Marxists and Marxism, 8–9, 14, 120, 155–56, 186, 187, 247; anarchists and, 292; Turkey, 380n19. See also base and superstructure (theory)

Masons. See freemasons and freemasonry

media, 86–87, 131; monopoly, 127, 271

medicine, 52, 322

mercenaries, 59

metaphysics, 25–26

methodology, 18–26 passim, 87, 140, 143–53, 366

micro-nationalism, ethnic. See ethnic micro-nationalism

Middle Ages, 112, 349, 350, 363; Hanseatic League, 114, 380n27; Islam, 176

middle class. See bourgeoisie

militarism, 125–28, 260–61, 276

Mitannis, 55, 56, 159, 161, 170

modernism, 132, 215, 262–69 passim, 281, 301, 306, 329, 338. See also postmodernism

Mohammad, Prophet, 67–69 passim, 165, 169, 173–76 passim; exodus, 168

money, 30, 239, 271, 282; ancient, 197; Jews and, 223, 224, 230; Marx on, 42

monotheism, 53

morality and ethics, 31–34 passim, 43, 87–92 passim, 135–43 passim, 152–56 passim, 166–70 passim, 208, 241–49 passim, 264–65, 273, 313–17 passim, 323–48 passim, 357–60 passim; absence, 116; in clan society, 155; class and, 291; democracy and, 337; in economics, 187; good morality and bad morality, 359; moral tasks, 335–45; in religious cultures, 174, 308; war and peace and, 128–30 passim

Moses (biblical figure), 61–63 passim, 165, 167, 168, 339

mosques, 343–44

Muawiyah Dynasty, 175

Napoleon I, 85

nationalism, xv–xvi, 67, 71, 178, 214–16 passim, 229, 239, 280; English and Dutch, 228; Turkish, 67, 228, 235. See also ethnic micro-nationalism

national liberation movements, 7, 46, 130–31, 153, 194, 207, 259–63 passim, 285–88 passim, 303, 350–54 passim

nations and peoples. See peoples and nations

“nation-state” (term), 80

nation-states, 85–87 passim, 153, 208–19, 246, 248, 288, 306, 325; bureaucracy and, 121; dogmatism of, 178; Europe, 232; Hegel view, 136; Middle East, 175; militarism and, 127; moral and political society and, 142; sexism and, 108, 217–18

NATO, ix, 2, 116, 286

nature, 20–21, 26, 324. See also ecology; first nature; second nature (social nature); third nature

needs, basic. See basic needs

neoliberalism, 198, 199, 215, 258, 264, 285

Neolithic Age, 50, 54, 58, 75, 77, 160–63 passim; Taurus-Sagros region, 156

Nero, 381n30

Netherlands, 77–80, 114, 195, 227–35 passim. See also Amsterdam

New Stone Age. See Neolithic Age

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 10, 137, 145, 150–51, 194, 199, 268, 325; on positivism, 216; Thus Spoke Zarathustra, 341; on will to truth, 387n2

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. See NATO

nuclear power and nuclear weapons, 20, 39–40, 323–24

objectification, 7, 18, 19, 188, 324, 368

Orientalism, 76

original democracy. See democracy, ancient

Ottoman Empire, 234

ownership. See property

Palmyra, 349

participatory democracy. See democracy, direct

patriarchy. See male dominance

peace, 128–31, 141–42, 152, 354, 356, 370–71

peoples and nations, 182–84. See also Indigenous peoples; Kurds; nationalism; national liberation movements

Persian-Sasanian Empire, 64–68 passim, 169, 173, 225, 341, 348, 349

pessimism and hopelessness, 351–52

“pharaoh socialism,” 51

Philippe II, King of Spain, 77, 379n14

Phoenicia and Phoenicians, 58, 160, 162

physics, 27, 288, 324–25

plants, 30, 37, 322. See also agriculture

plunder, 126, 158, 159, 184, 210, 249

political tasks, 345–60

pollution, 103

population, human. See human population

positivism, 143–44, 216–17, 313, 325–31 passim. See also scientism (positivist science)

positivist sociology, 363, 368

postmodernism, 198, 258, 267–68, 331

priestly caste, 118, 167, 168, 322

production, 149, 271; overproduction and underproduction, 251–54 passim

proletarian class. See working class

property, 255–56

Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 136, 381n2

public works, slave-built, 52

punishment, 91–92; ancient Rome, 60; of Öcalan, ix; of Sisyphus, 361

quantum physics, 27

ramparts and castles. See castles and ramparts

rape, 42, 107, 217, 295

reason, 35–44 passim; cities and, 110

reductionism, 27, 83, 134, 192, 193, 203; economic, 9, 12

relativism. See universality and relativism

religion, 129, 211, 363; morality and, 339–42 passim; nationalism, 280–81; nation-state and, 218. See also Abrahamic religions; gods; monotheism; temple (institution); Zoroastrianism

religious cultural movements, 307–9

reproduction, human. See human reproduction

Republic of Turkey. See Turkey

revolution, xi, xiv, 146, 259, 279; class and, 121

revolutions, 46, 138, 140, 266, 284; intellectual and scientific, 332–33; laicism and, 307; Netherlands and England, 114, 233, 307. See also French Revolution; Russian Revolution

“road to hell is paved with good intentions,” 187, 382–83n20

robots and robotics, 100

Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic Church

Rome, ancient, 60–66 passim, 111–12, 162, 168–72 passim, 316–17; Christians, 224; gods, 164; Great Fire, 381n30; sack of Carthage, 379n8

Russia, 287, 306

Russian Revolution, 286, 288, 358, 359, 364

Sabbatians, 227, 235, 384n24

Sabians and Sabianism, 68, 173, 382n14, 384n17

Saint-Simon, Henri de, 136, 381n2 Sasanian Empire. See Persian-Sasanian Empire

Schmitt, Carl, 211

science, 6–8 passim, 19–20, 81–82, 104–5, 204, 268, 322–31 passim

scientism (positivist science), 6–7, 13, 119, 136–37, 144, 216, 281, 312, 325–27 passim

Second International, 286, 317

second nature (social nature), 8, 13–25 passim, 44–45, 50, 86, 91, 117–28 passim, 134–56 passim, 176–79 passim, 184–88 passim, 201–6 passim, 240–42 passim, 269–78 passim, 313–15 passim, 326–30 passim, 342–47 passim, 355, 362–68 passim; ancient history, 167; anticapital nature of, 96; capital and male monopoly and, 109; classical civilization, 172; democratic confederalism, 256–61 passim; diversity of, 117; environment and, 100, 105, 300–305 passim; European intellectuals and, 321; flexible intelligence and, 336; history of moral and political society, 335; holy text and, 166; as majority, 149; nation-state and, 80; Neolithic Europe, 76; patriotism, 216; power and, 9; science and, 322; socialists and, 288, 289; Sumerian mythology and, 106; women and, 295, 297, 298

self-defense, 128, 129, 130, 189–91, 220, 260, 355

Seljuk Beg, 226

sexism, 105–9, 217–18, 273, 281, 282

sexuality, 42, 107, 109, 296

shopping malls, 115

slavery, 29, 71, 126, 159, 161; ancient Egypt, 52; family as model, 107; women, 42, 53, 59, 108, 217, 281. See also wage slavery

Smith, Adam, 137

social nature. See second nature (social nature)

social self-defense. See self-defense

society, virtual. See virtual society

“societycide,” 86–90 passim, 95, 116, 119, 205–6, 271–78 passim, 282

sociology (social science), 7, 136–39 passim, 330–31. See also Eurocentric social sciences; positivist sociology

Socrates, 171, 373

“soft power,” 1, 2, 40

Sombart, Werner, 228, 229, 230

Soviet Union, 210, 234, 286–87, 353; dissolution, 367; nationhood, 305

Spain: empire, 232; expulsion of Jews, 227, 235

Spinoza, Baruch, 28, 225

storytelling, 163

Sumer (ancient civilization), 11, 45, 51–58 passim, 67–68, 74, 161, 170, 171; Abrahamic tradition and, 163; analytical thought in, 40; gender relations, 106; gods and goddesses, 53, 58, 125, 157, 159, 163, 164, 192; Hebrews and, 62; moral revolution against, 341; naming of ethnicities, 158; Ur Dynasties, 125, 161; ziggurat, 29, 74, 91, 94. See also Uruk (city)

superstructure and base (theory). See base and superstructure (theory)

symbolic language. See language and languages: symbolic

Taurus-Zagros region, 156, 160, 170, 373

technological innovations, 204, 323–24. See also weapons

temple (institution), 29, 74, 91–94 passim, 118, 196; cities and, 110; university as, 317, 321

Ten Commandments, 62, 165, 167, 174, 339

Thessaloniki, 235, 236

thinking, analytical. See analytical thought

Third International, 286–87, 317

Third Lateran Council, 224, 234

third nature, 20, 22, 98

tribes and aşirets, 82, 83, 158–61 passim, 170, 181–82, 316; fall of Rome and, 224. See also Hebrews

Turkey, 2–3, 218, 235–37, 375n1 (Pref.), 376n5, 380n19

Ubaid culture, 160

“unitary state,” 184, 212, 216

United Nations, 86, 116, 153, 221, 233–34, 345, 351; proposed alternative, 357

United States, 2–3, 98–99, 216, 230, 376n5, 384n13; nationhood, 305

universal intelligence, 30, 105, 277

universality and relativism, 23–24, 138, 139, 192, 313

universities, 20, 75, 115, 123, 188, 189, 317–21 passim, 332

unpaid labor, 279; women, 42, 108, 186, 187, 217, 251, 281, 282, 290, 296

urbanization. See cities

Ur Dynasties, 125, 161

Urfa, 112; Abraham, 61, 164, 165, 222, 225; Göbekli Tepe megaliths and temple, 55, 74–75, 93, 160

Uruk, 55, 58, 60–61, 160, 164–65

USSR. See Soviet Union

utopia and utopias, 312

Venice, 77–80 passim, 349

villages, 160–61, 184–85, 252, 260

virtual society, 326

wage slavery, 279

Wallerstein, Immanuel, 10–14 passim, 36, 77, 137, 197, 199, 268, 376n1; on Braudel, 250, 386n41; Modern World-System, 232; “we have all drunk from the same cups,” 199, 383n9

war and wars, 41, 50, 57, 122, 129, 147, 252, 269, 271; ancient Mesopotamia, 64–65, 71, 159, 161; Christianity, 66; city-states, 158; consent and, 354; Europe, 80, 81; Herodotus on, 295; Mohammad, 68; science and, 104, 323; Third Punic War, 379n8. See also peace

weapons, 126, 127, 230, 324. See also nuclear power and nuclear weapons

Weber, Max, 36, 151

What Happened in History? (Childe), 10, 58, 319

women, 41–43, 217–18, 273, 281–82, 294–300; commodification, 42, 108, 281; science and, 322; slavery; 42, 53, 59, 108, 217, 28; unpaid labor, 42, 108, 186, 187, 217, 251, 281, 282, 290, 296. See also gender relations; sexism

working class, xiv, 78–79, 120, 186, 279, 291, 292, 340; Europe, 84, 85, 114; Marxism, 8–9; Saint-Simon, 381n2

World Confederation of Culture and Academies (proposed), 333

World Confederation of Democratic Nations (proposed), 357

World Confederation of Sacredness and Moral Studies (proposed), 345

The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand? (Frank and Gills), 10, 11, 47, 376n1

World War II, 233

Yazidis, 201

Young Turks. See Committee of Union and Progress (CUP)

Zagros Mountains. See Taurus-Zagros region

Zapatistas, xiv

Zarathustra, 341, 342, 373

ziggurat. See temple (institution)

Zionism, 228, 229

Zoroastrianism, 62, 134, 170, 341–42