Civilizations are formed over a long period of time and on the basis of ideological constructions. Questions such as “did the material culture exist before the immaterial culture?” have no meaning. They only create confusion. Let me clarify this point with an example. For a long time, there was much debate over whether the constituents […]

State is, and has been throughout history, one of the most frequently used terms. But, at the same time, it is one of the least understood and defined concepts. Despite the ignorance as to what it really entails, analyzing the concept state remains a fundamental issue in order to move beyond the social crisis. it

The division of society into primitive-communal society, state society, and democratic society is related to the formation of classes and problems associated with administration. The division in terms of nationalities is determined by developments in language, culture, law, and politics. It is more meaningful to talk about different types of nations instead of a single

Conceptualization of capitalist modernity cannot be done by economic consideration alone. Not only is it insufficient, but it is also a methodological diversion preventing us from comprehending its relationships and its essence. Therefore, it leads to fuzzy judgments and conclusions. As shown by my definition and analysis of capitalism in Sections 1 and 2, it

I am pursuing the answer to this question: Is the capitalist economy and its social formats a social and historical necessity? This part of my defense will be a reply to this question, which, in short, is: No, it is not a social or a historical necessity.29 The most serious mistake of Marxian interpretation (vulgar

The locality of a society is a question that is well worth our consideration as it entails an understanding of the development of human society and its relation to geography. This is a comprehensive topic, and one can add a long list of questions and answers to the topic of geography, from the formation of

The nucleus of capitalism was formed in the seedbed of political power and law. Capitalism benefits from all forms of power and their legal systems. When it suits its purpose, capitalism is the most ardent advocate of such power and legal systems; but, when Its profits are under threat, it will overthrow that particular system

All viewpoints that see the birth of capitalism as the natural result economic development can be categorized as economism. Marxism has been especially reduced to economism, in a way, from this perspective. So much so that capitalism has been perceived as if it was an economic model. Consequently, economy and politics have become the cornerstones